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Amniotic fluid embolism pdf9/26/2023 ![]() Other complications of pregnancy, pre-existing conditions, and concomitant disease, include: Umbilical cord abnormalities ( vasa previa, multilobate including bilobate and succenturiate-lobed placentas, velamentous insertion).Large baby weighing > 4,000 grams ( macrosomia).Failed instrumental delivery (by forceps or ventouse (Sometimes, a trial of forceps/ventouse delivery is attempted, and if unsuccessful, the baby will need to be delivered by caesarean section.).Placenta problems ( placenta praevia, placental abruption or placenta accreta). ![]() Tachycardia in the mother or baby after amniotic rupture (the waters breaking).Uncontrolled hypertension, pre-eclampsia, or eclampsia in the mother.Uterine rupture or an elevated risk thereof.Prolonged labor or a failure to progress ( obstructed labour, also known as dystocia).Abnormal presentation ( breech or transverse positions).C-sections are also carried out for personal and social reasons on maternal request in some countries.Ĭomplications of labor and factors increasing the risk associated with vaginal delivery include: Uses A seven-week-old caesarean section scar and linea nigra visible on a 31-year-old mother: Longitudinal incisions are still sometimes used.Ĭaesarean section (C-section) is recommended when vaginal delivery might pose a risk to the mother or baby. With the introduction of antiseptics and anesthetics in the 19th century, survival of both the mother and baby, and thus the procedure, became significantly more common. The apocryphal account of Julius Caesar's birth in 100 BC by caesarean section is a commonly stated origin of the term. Descriptions of mothers surviving date back to 1500 AD, with earlier attests to ancient times. The surgery has been performed at least as far back as 715 BC following the death of the mother, with the baby occasionally surviving. In the United States as of 2017, about 32% of deliveries are by C-section. Efforts are being made to both improve access to and reduce the use of C-section. More than 45 countries globally have C-section rates less than 7.5%, while more than 50 have rates greater than 27%. Some evidence finds a higher rate of 19% may result in better outcomes. The international healthcare community has previously considered the rate of 10% and 15% to be ideal for caesarean sections. In 2012, about 23 million C-sections were done globally. The method of delivery does not appear to have an effect on subsequent sexual function. Established guidelines recommend that caesarean sections not be used before 39 weeks of pregnancy without a medical reason. The increased risks include breathing problems in the baby and amniotic fluid embolism and postpartum bleeding in the mother. They also typically take longer to heal from, about six weeks, than vaginal birth. Ĭ-sections result in a small overall increase in poor outcomes in low-risk pregnancies. Often, several days are required in the hospital to recover sufficiently to return home. A woman can typically begin breastfeeding as soon as she is out of the operating room and awake. The uterus is then opened with a second incision and the baby delivered. An incision of about 15 cm (6 inches) is then typically made through the mother's lower abdomen. A urinary catheter is used to drain the bladder, and the skin of the abdomen is then cleaned with an antiseptic. It may be done with a spinal block, where the woman is awake, or under general anesthesia. Ī C-section typically takes 45 minutes to an hour. The World Health Organization recommends that caesarean section be performed only when medically necessary. A trial of vaginal birth after C-section may be possible. A caesarean delivery may be performed based upon the shape of the mother's pelvis or history of a previous C-section. Reasons for the operation include obstructed labor, twin pregnancy, high blood pressure in the mother, breech birth, shoulder presentation, and problems with the placenta or umbilical cord. Caesarean section, also known as C-section or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen, often performed because vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk.
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